Definition of Petitioner in Immigration Law

In U.S. immigration law, a petitioner is someone who submits a request on behalf of a foreign national to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services  (USCIS), which, upon approval, allows the foreign national to submit an official visa application. The petitioner must be either an immediate relative (a U.S. citizen or legal permanent resident) or a prospective employer. The foreign national on behalf of whom the initial request is submitted is known as the beneficiary. For example, a man, a U.S. citizen, has submitted a petition to USCIS to allow his German wife to come to the United States to live permanently. In the application, the husband is listed as the petitioner and his wife is listed as the beneficiary. Key Takeaways: Immigration Petitioner †¢ A petitioner is someone who submits a request on behalf of a foreign national who wishes to immigrate to the United States. The foreign national is known as the beneficiary.†¢ Petitions for foreign relatives are made using Form I-130, and petitions for foreign workers are made using Form I-140.†¢ Because of green card quotas, petition processing can take anywhere from several months to several years. Petition Forms In U.S. immigration law, there are two forms used by USCIS for petitioners to submit on behalf of foreign nationals. If the petitioner is a relative of the foreign national, Form I-130, Petition for Alien Relative needs to be completed. This form asks for information used to establish the relationship between the petitioner and the beneficiary, including information about the petitioners parents, spouse(s), place of birth, current address, employment history, and more. If the petitioner is submitting a petition on behalf of a spouse, Form I-130A, Supplemental Information for Spouse Beneficiary must be filled out. If the petitioner is a prospective employer of the foreign national, they should complete Form I-140, Immigrant Petition for Alien Workers. This form asks for information about the beneficiarys skills, last arrival in the United States, place of birth, current address, and more. It also asks for information about the petitioners business and the beneficiarys proposed employment. Once one of these forms has been completed, the petitioner should mail it to the appropriate address (there are separate filing instructions for Form I-130 and Form I-140). To complete this process, the petitioner must also submit a filing fee (as of 2018, the fee is $535 for Form I-130 and $700 for Form I-140). Approval Process Once a petitioner has submitted a request, the document is a reviewed by a USCIS official known as an adjudicator. Forms are reviewed on a first-come, first served basis and can take anywhere from several months to several years to process. Because of U.S. quotas on the number of green cards that can be granted each year, Form I-130 processing times vary based on the relationship between the petitioner and the beneficiary. Some immediate relatives, for example—including spouses, parents, and children under 21—are given preference over siblings and adult children. Processing times for the latter can last as long as 10 years. Once a petition is approved, the qualifying foreign national may apply for permanent residency status by submitting Form I-485. This document asks for information about the place of birth, current address, recent immigration history, criminal history, and more. Immigrants who are already in the United States may apply for adjustment of status, while those outside the United States may apply for a green card through the U.S. embassy. If a foreign national is applying for an employment-based visa, they must complete the labor certification process, which is done through the Department of Labor. Once this is complete, the foreign national may apply for a visa. Additional Information About 50,000 visas are available each year through the Green Card Lottery. The lottery has certain entry requirements; for example, applicants must live in a qualifying country, and they must have at least a high school education or two years of work experience. Once a foreign national has been approved and becomes a lawful permanent resident, they have certain rights. These include the right to live and work anywhere in the United States and the guarantee of equal protection under United States law. Lawful permanent residents also have certain responsibilities, including the requirement to report their income to the IRS. Male lawful permanent residents between the ages of 18 and 25 must also register for the Selective Service.

Importance of Blood Donation Essay - 709 Words

I want to talk to you about the importance of donating blood. Some of you may know a friend or even a family member who has received blood at some time. I for one have received blood and I often wonder who took the time to donate it. According to the Journal of American Medical Association, it is noted that just 1 pint of blood can save three lives. Why You Should Give Giving blood does not just benefit recipients. Regardless of age, donating blood offers many benefits for donors. It lets you: time-consuming tests. Then, it must be used relatively quickly or it will perish-whole blood for instance, according to the American Red Cross, is no longer usable after 42 days. As a result, maintaining an adequate blood supply is a†¦show more content†¦They include: * cancer patients * sickle cell patients * leukemia patients * premature infants * hemophilia patients * surgery patients * accident victims * burn and trauma victims These are important reasons to donate!!!!!!!!!!!!!! What is the criteria to be a blood donor? A donor must: †¢ Be at least 17 years old. †¢ Weigh at least 110 lbs. †¢ Be free of major cold, flu and allergy symptoms. †¢ Not have had hepatitis after age 11. †¢ Not have had any risk factors or behaviors associated with HIV/AIDS. Reasons for not being able to donate: †¢ Hepatitis after age 11 †¢ IV Drug User (even one time) †¢ Certain obstructive lung disorders †¢ Certain liver disorders †¢ Persons who have taken Tegison for psoriasis †¢ Persons who have taken human-derived pituitary growth hormone †¢ Persons with symptoms or laboratory evidence of AIDS or who are considered to have an increased risk for contracting AIDS ï‚ § Suffering from anemia Remember 1 pint of blood can save up to 3 lives. You can contact the local Red Cross centers to donate blood or there are always bloodmobiles in the area-seeking donors. Therefore, I encourage you to give the Gift of Life †¢ If you are like most people, you have a gift that you can keep on giving. Since you can spare it, why not share it†¦regularly. In addition, encourage your family and friends. After all, you never know when you or someone you love could use it. Speaking for myself as well as others who has receivedShow MoreRelatedCause and Effect Analysis: Advertising for Blood Donation1188 Words   |  5 Pageseffects of advertising for blood donation Introduction To encourage people to donate blood, there is need to advertise and make people understand the effects of blood donation. Advertising encourages people to donate blood and can also be used as a reminder. Donating blood ensures that there is enough blood in the blood banks, in case of an emergency blood requirement. Showing people that by them donating blood they could be saving a life will encourage people to donate blood more frequently. This paperRead MoreAmerican Red Cross Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pagesand facts: The American Red Cross Blood Donor Service began during WWII, where 13.3 million pints of blood plasma was collected for use by the armed forces. The first nationwide civilian blood program was introduced by the Red Cross after the war (The American Red Cross, 2012): Today, the American Red Cross Biomedical Service is the largest single supplier of blood and blood products in the United States, collecting and processing more than 40 percent of the blood supply and distr ibuting it to someRead Moreinformative speech BLOOD DONATION Essay702 Words   |  3 Pagesneed of blood? So technically every 2 second you have the chance to save a life. Have you ever dreamed for one second of saving someone’s life? Have you ever said: ‘I want to be a hero? Well ladies and gentlemen, today I bring you an easy way to check this task off your bucket list. It’s called: BLOOD DONATION. 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This topic, however, is a big controversy among many people, especially families. Several articles, magazines, and previous research articles all share what organ donation really is and why it is important. By being a donor, you can save many lives in the end. My goal for this paper is to bring forth the importance of organ donation. Reasons toRead MoreDonating Blood Saves Lives. The Canadian Blood Services1592 Words   |  7 PagesDonating blood saves lives. The Canadian Blood Services was established in 1988, and is the regulator and collector of blood donations across the country to be used for surgeries, leukemia treatment, accidents, and anemia to name a few (Canadian Blood Services, 2017g, CBC News, 2013). Under the Canadian Blood Services they have strict guidelines as to who can donate, and how often which is continuously changing to ensure safety of both donors and potential recipients. However, over the past numberRead MoreThe Australian Red Cross Blood Service1030 Words   |  5 PagesRed Cross Blood Service (ARCBS) is a part of the International Red Cross that seeks donations of two varieties for assistance in medical treatments namely cash and blood. The image that I have chosen is an ad print published by the ARCBS with assistance from a reputed ad agency MC Saatchi. The advertisement proposes that though one of the two means of the donations is not familiar among the crowd, it is equally important as the other and tries to attract the readers towards blood donation. The overallRead MoreThe Medical Technician On The Ambulance977 Words   |  4 Pagesthe American Red Cross website, by donating blood, you can save up to three lives! Going into Occupational Therapy, I work with many patients who have undergone traumatic injury. Many of them would not be here today if it weren’t for blood transfusions. I know the importance of donating blood and today, I would like to inform you about blood donation and convince you to donate blood before the summer comes to an end. I will tell you how donating blood can benefit the recipient, explain what is inRead MoreThe Importance of Donating Blood1437 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Donating Blood ATTENTION: I’d like to ask you to completely clear your mind for a moment. Now, imagine your father has just suffered a heart attack and must undergo open-heart surgery in order to repair the damage. Imagine your little nephew or niece was born with a heart defect and required daily transfusions of blood in order to have a chance at survival. Imagine your best friend has just been diagnosed with leukemia, a disease requiring regular transfusions of platelets. TheseRead MoreBusiness Ethics1142 Words   |  5 PagesFerrell amp; Faedrich (2010), a commitment by the organization to goodwill and respect for its employees usually increases the employees’ loyalty to the organization. The misconduct by executives, slow responses to disasters, money mismanagement, and donation mismanagement issues caused a division between the organization and its employees, investors, customers, and bottom line. The unethical behavior at American Red Cross (ARC) does not impact employee commitment, h owever, it does enhance productivity

Legal Aspects of a Joint Venture in Australia-Samples for Students

Question: Define a mining joint venture. What is the legal definition of a joint venture. What forms can a joint venture take. What are the legal aspects of a joint ventute in Australia. Answer: Mining Joint Venture Mining Joint Venture can be defined as the joint venture agreements used for the purpose of exploring and developing the mining sites by the joint venture partners. It is one of the most popular forms for small minors for raising funds for developing green and brownfield mining projects[1]. Mining joint ventures requires the incoming party to farm- in along with making the payment of pre- agreed exploration expenditure for its ownership interest. It provides the owner of the mining tenements with expertise, valuable capital along with guaranteed market for products in few cases[2]. Nowadays, the falling prices of the commodities, lack of competitive finance along with the sufferings of mining companies from high levels of debt has resulted in the financial struggle for the mining companies. However, in order to fight with non- availability of credit and high costs, joint ventures are considered by the miners for the purpose of developing the projects[3]. In case of incorporated joint venture, the project is undertaken by an association of participants for a separate legal entity. Therefore, all the characteristics of an incorporated entity are born by incorporated joint venture. The participants of the joint venture i.e. the shareholders, receive dividends as a result of sale of the mining products and not from the sale of the product itself. In the same way, unincorporated joint venture is based on the contractual relationship among the participants of the joint venture. No separate legal identity is possessed by an unincorporated joint venture. Only some of the mining expenditures are offered tax deductibility along with the potential for the offsetting of tax losses against assessable income in the starting stages of mining. Legal Definition of a Joint Venture A joint venture can be defined as a legal organization in which transactions are undertaken by persons jointly for mutual profit where such an organization is in the form of short term partnership[4]. In case of a joint venture, each person is responsible for the purpose of contributing towards the assets along with the sharing of risks. The persons involved in a joint venture can be companies, corporations, individuals and even group of individuals. All the types of business transactions are involved in a joint venture just like in the case of partnerships. Entrance into the foreign markets are gained by the companies by entering into joint ventures with the domestic companies already present in those markets where the foreign companies are planning to enter. New technologies and business practices are generally brought about by the foreign companies into the joint venture[5]. At the same time, the domestic companies make the use of its already established relationships and the requ ired governmental documents. The existence of a joint venture is for a limited period typically for 5- 7 years. It enables the organizations to share all the costs and risks thereby making it an attractive option. The companies are provided with opportunities for the purpose of obtaining new capacity and expertise thereby resulting in the development of new products. Specific projects are kept in mind before creating joint ventures and are dissolved once the purpose for which it is created is completed. Exposure to complete legal liability is faced by the members of the joint venture. Joint ventures are treated in the same way partnerships are treated for the purpose of federal income tax[6]. Legal procedures are required to be completed for the formation of joint ventures by creating a joint venture agreement, memorandum of understanding, obtaining regulatory approval and other ancillary agreements. Forms of Joint Venture A joint venture can take any of the three forms. The form of joint venture is dependent upon the objectives to be achieved by the business through the joint venture. Following are the common forms of joint venture: Limited Co- operation- when one business co- operate with other business in a specific and limited way then it is known as limited co- operation. For example, the new products of a small business can be sold by utilizing the larger distribution network of a company. The terms and conditions of a contract can be agreed upon by the two partners regarding the working of the joint venture. Separate Joint Venture Business- In case of a separate joint venture business, new company is established for the purpose of handling a particular contract. Such a joint venture company works as a very flexible option. The shares are held by all the partners in the company and its management is agreed upon by all of them. Business Partnerships- in some cases, limited company may not proof to be a suitable option while the other options appear to be favorable. Limited liability partnerships or business partnerships can be formed. Even decision regarding the merging of two businesses can proof to be a good option. Therefore, selection regarding the right form of business is essential for the purpose of managing the business along with the associated risks. The selection is based on the desire for getting involved in the management of the business. The identification of the suitable option should be made by obtaining appropriate legal advice[7]. Such legal advice assists in identifying the ways of running business along with the sharing of profits and taxation. Legal Aspects of a Joint Venture in Australia In Australia, there is no specific law that governs the Joint Ventures. Therefore, the joint ventures are subject to a mixture of general rules and legislation of law with regard to the contract and agency law, corporate law, commercial and trade law, competition, taxation and other regulatory aspects[8]. There is no settled meaning of the term joint venture in the Australian law, however, the term has been defined in some Commonwealth statutes. Joint venture can be briefly defined as a commercial arrangement among economically independent entities which executes the business undertaking by taking a number of legal forms. All the corporate laws of Australia are applicable to the incorporated joint ventures including Corporations Act 2001, Competition and Consumer Act 2010, Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Act 1975, Australian Securities and Investments Commissions Act 2001 and Listing rules of the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX Listing Rules). Corporate and contractual joint ventures can be used depending upon the legal, commercial and taxation requirements of the participants. Australian Joint Venture projects can obtain foreign participation by making the participants notify FIRB in case of certain transactions thereby obtaining clearance before proceeding further. The legality and enforceability of some anti- competitive provisions creates some issues, for example, primary and secondary boycotting requirements/ provisions and joint marketing. Unless the clauses regarding joint decisions on acquisition, price or output are permitted under the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (CCA) or otherwise authorized by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), they are strictly illegal. The defenses for the conduct of joint venture are provided by CCA but the joint venture clause is required to comply with the requirements of defense[9]. The directors are appointed in the joint venture company for the purpose of representing the interests of the participants. This leads to the legal requirement for the nominee directors to act in the interests of the company as a whole and not in the interests of their nominator. Moreover, the termination of a corporate joint venture includes the circumstances and manner covered in detail in the joint venture shareholders agreement. Cessation of the business and the winding up of the joint venture company is not included in the termination of joint venture[10]. Bibliography Australasian Legal Information Institute, Joint Ventures, https://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AURELawJl/2003/52.pdf Charltons, Mining Joint Venture Agreements, https://charltonsnaturalresources.com/en/joint-venture-agreements Jaenickle, A Joint Venture Agreement for Seabed Mining (Springer Science Business Media, 2013) Giamatteo Nunziante, Joint Ventures (Sweet Maxwell, 2012) Legal Vision, What Are The Legal Considerations For A Joint Venture?, (15 September 2015) https://legalvision.com.au/legal-considerations-for-a-joint-venture/ Luis Morals, Joint Ventures and EU Competition Law (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013) Not-for-profit Law, Joint Ventures and Partnerships, https://www.nfplaw.org.au/partnerships Practical Law, Joint ventures in Australia: overview , https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/0-616-8149?transitionType=DefaultcontextData=(sc.Default)firstPage=truebhcp=1 Richard W. Roeder, Foreign Mining Investment Law: The Cases of Australia, South Africa and Colombia (Springer, 2016) WD Duncan, Joint Ventures Law in Australia: 3rd Edition (Federation Press, 2012) Charltons, Mining Joint Venture Agreements, https://charltonsnaturalresources.com/en/joint-venture-agreements. Richard W. Roeder, Foreign Mining Investment Law: The Cases of Australia, South Africa and Colombia (Springer, 2016) 37. G. Jaenickle, A Joint Venture Agreement for Seabed Mining (Springer Science Business Media, 2013) 36. WD Duncan, Joint Ventures Law in Australia: 3rd Edition (Federation Press, 2012) 2. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Joint Ventures, https://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AURELawJl/2003/52.pdf. Not-for-profit Law, Joint Ventures and Partnerships, https://www.nfplaw.org.au/partnerships. Legal Vision, What Are The Legal Considerations For A Joint Venture?, (15 September 2015) https://legalvision.com.au/legal-considerations-for-a-joint-venture/. Giamatteo Nunziante, Joint Ventures (Sweet Maxwell, 2012) 15. Practical Law, Joint ventures in Australia: overview , https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/0-616-8149?transitionType=DefaultcontextData=(sc.Default)firstPage=truebhcp=1

Public Smoking Bans in the Us Essay Example Essay Example

Public Smoking Bans in the Us Essay Example Paper Public Smoking Bans in the Us Essay Introduction Date: 5/6/12 To: From: RE: Argumentative Essay Public Smoking Bans in the US Introduction: In the United States, for every eight smokers that die from tobacco use, one non-smoker dies as well (Clarke 2010). In recent years, a growing awareness of the deadly effects of smoking has led to the enactment of tobacco control policies throughout the industrialized world. Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide (Jones 2009) estimating that one billion people are expected to die during the 21st century as a result of tobacco-related disease†(Cole 2012).Secondhand smoke (SHS) contains hundreds of toxic chemicals and is linked to cause cancer, coronary heart disease, and respiratory problems. Innocent individuals of all ages should not be impacted by the poor choices of smokers around them. After all, there is no risk-free level of exposure to someone else’s drifting smoke. The debate on smoking bans has rose significantly in the pass two decades. There are two types of bans, partial and full smoking bans. Full bans make it illegal to smoke in any public area.Although smoking is seen to be a personal right to many Americans, smoking should be banned in all public places. As a result the ban will overall reduce health risks, change smoking behavior in workplaces and improve the economy. Reducing SHS, Health Benefits: First, enforcing a public smoking ban decreases exposure to second-hand smoke, reducing the many health risks associated with smoking. Levels of SHS are found to significantly drop in public smoking places following the implementation of public smoking bans.Maria Lopez conducted a before and after study on the health of workplaces and hospitality venues from eight regions of Spain. Repeated samples of vapor-phase nicotine concentration were taken in 398 premises including private offices (162), public administration offices (90), university premises (43), bars and restaurants (79), and pubs (24). Second-hand smoke levels we re significantly reduced in indoor offices. The median nicotine concentration decreased by 60. 0% in public premises and by 97. 4% in private workplaces. A major reduction (96. %) also occurred in bars and restaurants that became smoke-free (Lopez 2008). Second-hand smoke is associated with a 30% increase in risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Further research is shown by David Myers, who performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the association between public smoking bans and risk for hospital admission for acute myocardial infraction (AMI). This meta-analysis of eleven studies in ten locations suggests that that community smoking bans are associated with an overall 17% reduction in risk of AMI over a two-year post ban analysis (Myers 2009). According to projections, a nationwide ban on public smoking could prevent as many as 152,000 heart attacks each year† (Jones 2009). In addition to Lopez and Myers, Giulia Cesaroni and Francesco Forastiere analyz ed acute coronary events (out-of-hospital deaths and hospital admissions) between 2004 and 2009 from Rome city residents 35 to 74 years of age. They found a statistically significant reduction in acute coronary events in the adult population after the smoking ban. Results showed 11. 2% fewer acute coronary events in the 35- to 64-year-old population and 7. % fewer in 65- to 74-year-old) than in previous years (Cesaroni, Forastiere 2010). Smoking bans not only protect non-smokers from the dangers of passive smoking, they also encourage workers to quit or reduce their consumption. Behavior of Smokers: Smoking behavior particularly in hospitality venues would change from public smoking bans. Public smoking bans discourage active smoking by employees, making it difficult for them to find a legal place to smoke other then their home. Public smoking bans will cause more hostility towards smoking of as time goes on, thus putting pressure on smokers.Because smokers are unable to smoke in pu blic places, they will learn how to live without smoking a cigarette for long hours. Moreover, when a smoker does not see anybody around him smoking or smelling of cigarette, it might reduce his urge to smoke too. Many studies have indicated significant changes in smoking behavior after the implementation of a full public smoking ban. According to Caroline Fitchenberg, her 26 studies on the effects of smoke-free workplaces in the United States, Australia, Canada and Germany indicated a eduction in total cigarette consumption per employee by 29% with a reduction in absolute prevalence of 3. 8% (Fitchenberg, 2008). Totally smoke-free workplaces had about twice the effect on consumption and prevalence as policies that allowed smoking in some areas. In addition to Fitchenberg, Nadia Fathallah studied the smoking behavior of 607 nurses in the South of France three years after the implementation of a smoke-free workplace law. By analyzing a questionnaire three years after the ban, self-re ported tobacco consumption decreased for 131 of 183 smokers.Among the 131 nurses who decreased tobacco consumption, 63 reported that they had reduced consumption by half or more (Fathallah 2012). The results in these findings indicate that public smoking bans would decrease tobacco consumption in workplaces and increase workers desire to quit smoking. Tobacco-free workplace policies and decreasing the numbers of employees who model tobacco-use behavior will also reduce tobacco use initiation among employees and, in addition, may influence tobacco-use behavior in employee’s families.However, it is argued that that smoking bans will increase smoking consumption in private settings such as vehicles and homes. Studies show that public smoking bans change the behavior of smokers in private settings, thus decreasing rates of current smokers and decreasing exposure to SHS in private settings. Alisa Naiman found that exposures in both vehicles and at home decreased following public s moking bans in Canada (Naiman 2011). Her results are consistent with the results of a survey in Scotland, which found no increase in SHS exposure among children after the implementation of a public smoking ban (Okhtar 2007).In summary of these studies, public smoking bans have a great impact on the smoking behavior of workers and also show changes among smokers behavior in private settings. Therefore, implementation of public smoking bans should be enforced to change smoking behavior of current smokers in the workplace. Improve Economy: Finally, public smoking bans will improve the economy by reducing health care costs, increasing work productivity and saving many lives. Tobacco use is responsible for at least $96 billion per year in direct medical costs and an estimated $96. billion per year in lost productivity due to sickness and premature death (Campbell 2009). After analyzing data from the 13 states that don’t have a law banning smoking in public places, researchers conc luded that more than 18,596 fewer hospitalizations for heart attack could be realized from a smoking ban in all 50 states after the first year of implementation, resulting in more than $92 million in savings in hospitals costs for caring for those patients (Jones 2009). In addition to reducing health costs, public smoking bans also increase work productivity.Because smoking contributes to a variety of diseases among both smokers and non-smokers, it leads to absenteeism from work. Moreover, workers that smoke tend to take frequent smoking breaks, thus reducing the time put in their work. Together these effects incur the equivalent of $1 billion loss in productivity, accounting for 0. 36% of total gross domestic product in Taiwan. The time men and women spent taking smoking breaks amounted to nine days per year and six days per year, respectively, resulting in reduced output productivity losses of $733 million (Tsai 2008).Consequentially, implementing public smoking bans will result i n an increase of work productivity and healthy atmosphere thus improving the economy. Personal Right: The most controversial argument towards implementing public smoking bans is that smoking is that government is interfering with personal lifestyle and property rights. President Calvin Coolidge once said, â€Å"†Ultimately property rights and personal rights are the same thing. † Property rights are often overlooked at the expense of what is perceived to be the â€Å"greater good. A true respect for property rights requires that business owners be free to make decisions on their own (Nothdurft 2008). The Constitution does not explicitly reference a right to smoke, so any claim to a right to smoke will fall under the auspices of another constitutional right (Crotty 2011). Majority of businesses and some have found it advantageous to offer smoke-free environments for their customers and employees (Hauri 2011). Introducing smoking bans makes pubs, bars and restaurants mor e attractive places bringing in customers and increases business, rather than decreasing it.With the use of substances comes the responsibility to respect other people’s health. Banning smoking in public places is restoring the freedom of the majority the freedom to not inhale other people’s smoke; therefore government has the right to enforce a full smoking ban upon public places. Conclusion: Whether or not to enforce a public smoking ban is a frequently debated issue today. Even though a national public smoking ban seems to invade the personal rights of many, having the ability to significantly reduce health risks caused by smoking exceeds the importance of a smoker being allowed to smoke in public places.Proven by research in other countries and certain states, public smoking bans result in numerous health benefits, changes in smoking behaviors in the workplace and improves the economy. Being aware of the consequences from being around smoking is crucial for all Ame ricans. A national public smoking ban is not yet enforced, while certain states have applied a smoking ban, only few have a full public smoking ban. We must spread the word by sending letters to the legislative branch of the US government to voice our desire of public smoking bans.Without public smoking bans, the trend of diseases and deaths caused by smoking will continue, resulting in millions of deaths each year. Public Smoking Bans in the Us Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

mediviel Plagiue essays

mediviel Plagiue essays The Medieval Holocaust was a terrible event for many people in communities of that time period. This was the greatest epidemic that ever happened. People could not figure out what caused the Plague. They started to look for someone to blame. They finally looked at the Jews and blamed them for poisoning the water. This led to devastating effects on the Jewish community with regards to the family and social status. This was the greatest epidemic of all time. The Plague was felt all around the world. In some lands everyone died not a soul was left. Ships were found full of cargo and he crew all dead. The ship was just drifting with no one to guide it. In other kingdoms and cities so many people died it was terrible to describe. The Pope at Avignon stopped all his duties, locked himself in his room, allowed no one to see him and had a fire burning at all times. Only wise teachers and physicians could come up with it was gods would for this to happen. Since the Plague was in one place it was in another, and lasted more than a year. The epidemic also came to Strasbourg in the summer, and it is said that about sixteen thousand people died. May have panicked and needed to blame someone. Since the Jews throughout the world were all ready disliked, they accused them of having caused the Plague by putting poison in the water and in the wells. So having been disliked many people blamed the Jews because they needed to point the finger at somebody, because of this the Jews were forced to confess to the poisoning. Nevertheless the Jews were burnt all the way from the Mediterranean into Germany, but not in Avignon because the Pope protected them there. The burning happened on a Saturday, which was St. Valentines Day. The Jews were burned on a wooden platform in their cemetery. Those who wanted to baptize themselves were spared. Its been said that about one thousand of them accepted the baptism. The council to ...

Surname Herrera Meaning and Origin

Surname Herrera Meaning and Origin Derived from the Spanish herrerà ­a, meaning place where ironwork is made, the Herrera surname means worker in iron, a blacksmith. According to the Instituto Genealà ³gico e Histà ³rico Latino-Americano, this Castellan surname originated in the Villa of Pedraza, in the province of Segovia, in Castile and Leon, Spain. Herrera is the 33rd most common Hispanic surname. Surname origin: ï » ¿Spanish Herrera may also be seen spelled as Herrero or Herera. Famous People With the Surname Herrera Odubel Herrera - Venezuelan professional baseball player/Caroline Herrera - Venezuelan fashion designer; married to Reinaldo Herrera.Paloma Herrera - Famous Argentine ballerina. Genealogy Resources for the Surname Herrera Genealogy.com is a popular genealogy forum for the Herrera surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Herrera query. Find records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Herrera surname and its variations at FamilySearch.org. RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Herrera surname. CousinConnect.com allows you to read or post genealogy queries for the surname Herrera, and sign up for free notification when new Herrera queries are added. DistantCousin.com gives you access to free databases and genealogy links for the last name Herrera. References Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Fundamentals of Financial Management Speech or Presentation

Fundamentals of Financial Management - Speech or Presentation Example tio has decreased in 2010 standing at 1.9:1 and as compared to the last year which was 2.5:1 and the quick ratio which is 0.69:1 in 2010 as compared to 1.09:1 in 2009, but the other ratios shows the company has improved a lot in managing its financial position as well as performance from that of last year. Current Ratio – A current ratio measures the relationship of current assets with current liabilities. This is used to analyze the solvency of a firm. Higher current ratio measures the firm’s higher rate of solvency. Acid-Test Ratio (Quick Ratio) - This ratio is used to analyze the liquidity position of a company. It helps an organization to meet the short term obligation with the liquid assets it has. A firm is evaluated to be in better condition when the quick ratio is higher. Average Age of Receivables – While reviewing a firm’s financial health this is important because it is compared to the credit and collection policy and the industry in which the firm operates. It is countable in terms of days. The analysis shows better result if number of days is higher. Inventory Turnover Ratio – This ratio shows number of times the inventory of a company is being sold and replaced over a certain period of time. Generally a low turnover indicates bad sign for a company. Times Interest Earned – This is a tool that is used to measure an ability of a company to meet its obligations that is related to debt. If any company fails to meet its obligations then it will be in a position of bankruptcy (Ramachandran & Kakani, 2007). Changes can occur in both the ways, positive or negative. The reason behind the lower current ratio and acid test ratio can be similar and that is cash shortage. Basically the poor credit policy and the collection process of the company can be blamed for higher average age of receivables. Again an inventory turnover ratio implies that the company must have a tight control over the purchasing and simultaneously it also refers that due to

Answer HR Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer HR Question - Essay Example Form job seekers perspective, e-recruitment gave them the advantage of centralized job search and resume building services. Therefore, job seekers do not have to spend time looking for an opening in multiple newspapers. Number of options is available to employers for announcing their vacancies on internet. Most simple and cost effective approach is to maintain vacancy page on the employer website. Second, is to use specialist agency that has its operations on internet. These cyber agencies provide various advantages ranging from receiving resumes to short listing candidates. Third category is the jobsites linked to newspapers and journals. These websites republishes the advertisements, printed in careers section of newspapers. Similarly, there are jobsites operated by employment agencies. There are certain employment agents that have their presence on internet. Anyone who has access to internet, can access these channels (Taylor, 2002). It is up to the employers to select the medium he wants to advertise his vacancy. Some of these mentioned sources provide with extra services like online resume building, cover letters etc. Internet recruitment offers a number of advantages to recruiters. This method costs less than other methods of recruitment. It can save enormous time and efforts spent in recruitment process. Furthermore, internet can gather a large pool of applicants, as recruiting medium. However, it raises some issues for example, as the number of applicant increases, more be the chances of unqualified applicants sending their resumes. Similarly, some qualified candidates who do not have access to internet are not able to apply. Privacy is also an issue because you share your information on websites that can violate certain laws (Mathis, Jackson, 2007). Therefore, sometimes advantages of using internet for recruitment purpose turns into disadvantages. On one hand, e-recruitments save our money and

Education Essay Example for Free

Education Essay Step 1. Create a short answer (150-250 words) to each of the following questions. 1. How do social interactions among people in locales help define community?  2. How do schools help to shape the local boundaries of communities and the identity of community members?  3. Although schools and the communities they serve are closely entwined and community development is in the best interests of schools, why may school leaders be hesitant about involving schools and students in important community development roles? 4. Of all social institutions, why might schools be best placed to catalyze community development?  5. What are some likely results of school consolidation in a rural community or urban neighborhood?  6. Beyond the socially integrative functions, what distinct local economic roles might a school have in a rural community or urban neighborhood?  7. What characteristics of a well-planned school-community partnership project would indicate it is mutually beneficial?  8. How might a community or neighborhood development activity reinforce what is taught in the public school classroom?  9. What barriers might a community development organization expect to experience when seeking to partner with a public school or school district?  10. How can service learning and place-based education serve to facilitate a  viable schoolcommunity partnership and accomplishment of local community or neighborhood development needs? Step 2. Discuss your responses with a group of 4 or 5 classmates. SOAR ACTIVITY 15.1 SCHOOL-COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS Step 1. Contact your local elementary, middle and high schools. Step 2. Interview the principals about their partnerships with community organizations. Step 3. Have them describe each activity and assess the benefits to the school and community. Step 4. Compile a list of all the organizations and institutions involved with school programs. Step 5. As part of this project, prepare a list of recommendations for improving schoolcommunity partnerships in your area. LIFE Activity 15.1 Here are some examples of school-based service learning projects: 1. Drop-out prevention: A service-learning project focused on drop-out prevention might coordinate schools with local businesses to partner at-risk students with job shadowing and mentoring opportunities with local business leaders/members. These connections will help build bridges between schoolwork and work â€Å"in the real world,† and develop stronger ties between schools and local business, better meeting the needs of each while providing important opportunities to at-risk youth. 2. Subject-specific service-learning: Science and reading provide two examples of subjectspecific service-learning. Connecting college students majoring in science with schools to tutor K-12 students can create opportunities for hands-on learning during or after school hours. This might involve engaging in environmental projects, such as local water quality testing, cleaning of local stream or river beds, or wildlife conservation efforts. Similarly, college students majoring in language arts or reading might provide tutoring services during or after school for at-risk students, assist in running family literacy programs after school to engage parents in literacy efforts, and/or read to students at the elementary level. 2. Building school-community connections: Students plan a school-community day, in which school staff, community members, and students organize, run, and attend a school-community fair. The school can set up exhibits of student learning and projects students are engaged in that connect to the community. Community leaders can set up exhibits featuring ways they have been or would like to be involved with the school and with students. Local businesses might provide food and donate prizes or items for auction. Students at the school can perform music or showcase artwork. This would also be a good venue for team-building exercises between  community organizations and businesses and school staff and leaders, culminating in competitions with awards. These are only a few examples. We want to emphasize though that effective service learning projects are not â€Å"paint by the numbers† efforts, but are directly shaped by and responsive to the individual needs of local communities. That said, examples are useful, but ultimately your best guide is the community that lies before you. REFERENCE MATERIAL ON EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY SERVICELEARNING Syllabi: Literacy Tutoring: Principles and Practice (Syracuse University) http://www.compact.org/syllabi/syllabus.php?viewsyllabus=407 Service Learning in Higher Education (Vanderbilt University) http://www.compact.org/syllabi/syllabus.php?viewsyllabus=663 APPENDIX: Additional Resources to Learn about School-Community Partnerships for Community Development:  NOTE that the following descriptions have been taken directly from organization websites and have been only slightly modified, if at all. Associations, Organizations and Centers Center for Place-Based Education http://www.anei.org/pages/89_cpbe.cfm The Center for Place-based Education promotes community-based education programs. Its projects and programs encourage partnerships between students, teachers, and community members that strengthen and support student achievement, community vitality and a healthy environment. Coalition for Community Schools http://www.communityschools.org The Coalition for Community Schools represents an alliance of national, state and local organizations concerned with K-16 education, youth development, community planning, family support, health and human services, government and philanthropy, as well as national, state and local community school networks. The Coalition advocates for community schools as a means to strengthen schools, families and communities and improve student learning. Rural School and Community Trust http://www.ruraledu.org The Rural School and Community Trust is a national nonprofit organization addressing the crucial relationship between good schools and thriving communities. It also serves as an information clearinghouse on issues concerning the relationship between schools and communities, especially in rural contexts. School of the 21st Century. Linking Communities, Families and Schools http://www.yale.edu/21c/index2.html Based at Yale University, the 21C program develops, researches, networks, and supervises an educational model that links communities, families, and schools by transforming the school into a year-round, multi-service center that is open from 6 in the morning until 7 at night. The core components are affordable, high-quality child care for preschool children, before- and afterschool programs for school-age children; and health services, referral services, support, and guidance for parents of young children. Schools and Communities http://www.enterprisecommunity.org/programs/schools_and_communities/ This webpage of Enterprise Community Partners documents and disseminates the nation’s current efforts to combine school reform and community development. Web-based Documents and Material Local Governments and Schools: A Community-Oriented Approach http://icma.org/documents/SGNReport.pdf (International City/County Management Association, Washington, DC , 2008) Provides local government managers with an understanding of the connections between school facility planning and local government management issues, with particular attention to avoiding the creation of large schools remotely sited from the community they serve. It offers multiple strategies for local governments and schools to bring their respective planning efforts together to take a more community-oriented approach to schools and reach multiple community goals-educational, environmental, economic, social, and fiscal. Eight case studies illustrate how communities across the U.S. have already succeeded in collaborating to create more communityoriented schools. Includes 95 references and an extensive list of additional online resources. 40p. Report NO: E-43527 Reconnecting Schools and Neighborhoods: An Introduction to School-Centered Community Revitalization http://www.practitionerresources.org/cache/documents/647/64701.pdf (Enterprise, Columbia, MD , 2007) Provides an introduction to school-centered community revitalization. Part 1 presents the case for integrating school improvement into community development, drawing on the academic research linking school and neighborhood quality as well as early results from school- centered community revitalization projects across the country. Part 2 presents the core components of school-centered community revitalization, including both school-based activities and neighborhood-based activities. The final part of the paper illustrates the diverse approaches currently being taken to improve schools and neighborhoods, drawing on the experiences of eight  school-centered community revitalization initiatives in five cities: Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, Philadelphia, and St. Paul. 30p. New Relationships With Schools. Organizations That Build Community by Connecting With Schools. Volumes One and Two  http://www.publicengagement.com/practices/publications/newrelationshipssmry.htm (Collaborative Communications Group for the Kettering Foundation, Nov 2004) Case studies of organizations that establish strong connections between communities and schools using many different entry points. Includes a profile of New School Better Neighborhoods, a nonprofit intermediary organization in Los Angeles that works to design schools that serve as centers of communities. The organization brings together community stakeholders to plan multiuse development that combines residential, recreational, and educational use of scarce land in densely populated urban areas. Schools, Community, and Development. Erasing the Boundaries http://www.practitionerresources.org/cache/documents/56274.pdf Proscio, Tony (The Enterprise Foundation, Columbia, MD, 2004) This describes the results of efforts in four neighborhoods in Baltimore, St. Louis, and Atlanta to connect community-based revitalization initiatives with school reform programs in the same neighborhoods. Chapters include: 1) Building and Learning Go Seperate Ways; 2) The SchoolCommunity Alliance in Practice; 3) The Developer as Educator; 4) Housing and Economic Development. 39p. Using Public Schools as Community-Development Tools: Strategies for Community-Based Developers http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/publications/communitydevelopment/W02-9_Chung.pdf Chung, Connie (Harvard University, Joint Center for Housing Studies, Cambridge, MA; Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation. , 2002) This paper explores the use of public schools as tools for community and  economic development. As major place-based infrastructure and an integral part of the community fabric, public schools can have a profound impact on the social, economic, and physical character of a neighborhood. Addressing public schools, therefore, is a good point of entry for community-based developers to place their work in a comprehensive community-development context. The paper examines ways in which community-based developers can learn from, as well as contribute to, current community-based efforts, particularly in disinvested urban areas, to reinforce the link between public schools and neighborhoods. Furthermore, the paper considers the policy implications of including public schools in comprehensive development strategies, and asserts that reinforcing the link between public schools and neighborhoods is not only good education policy, but also good community-development policy and practice. An appendix presents contact information for organizations participating in school and community linkages. 55p.

Head Case :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Head Case Most of the little girls I knew in my childhood liked to play dress up, host tea parties, play with dolls, paint, and do other "normal" children's activities. When I was a little girl I enjoyed painting, hosting tea parties, and spent many of my weekends and school vacations competing in both national and international martial arts tournaments and exhibitions. Martial arts taught me self-discipline, self-control, and self-awareness as a child. It kept me physically fit, and made me more confident in my abilities. However, as I progressed through the ranks I spent more time training and much more time competing. Once a practitioner reaches the level of Black Belt, all sparring matches become full contact, meaning blows to the head, neck, and below the waist are now scored as hits as opposed to fouls by sporting rules. I reached the rank of Black Belt at age eight, meaning I participated in full contact sparring matches for roughly six years. In addition to my competing as a martial artist, I was also an amateur boxer for two years- from ages 13 to 15. At the time, I didn't think about the consequences of the sport I had chosen. The daily punishment of taking one or two hard blows to the head didn't seem troublesome at the time. All competitors wore gloves in addition to protective headgear and mouthguards. In the roughly ten years in which I fought competitively I sustained several concussions, and only one in which I lost consciousness. However you may wonder, what is the clinical definition of this condition, and how are concussions diagnosed? What is a Concussion? When an injury to the brain is sustained, it causes the brain to bounce against the hard bone of the skull. The force of the hit against the skull might cause "tearing or twisting" of structures and blood vessels in the brain. This "tearing or twisting" deep within the brain tissue causes a breakdown in the normal flow of messages within the brain. This breakdown is the biological explanation of the concussion condition (1). Oh No! Am I Concussed? There are over 600,000 cases of sustained concussion in the United States alone each year. Symptoms include, loss of consciousness, dizziness, nausea or vomiting, increased size of one pupil, loss of memory, severe headache, weakness in one or more extremities, or changes in behavior. These symptoms may last anywhere from a couple hours to several weeks or months, depending on the seriousness of the injury, according to most physicians (1).

Race-Based Jury Nullification Essay

Internet research clearly showed a long history for jury nullification in the US. An explanation of jury nullification, and in particular race based jury nullification, is that it is a method whereby juries nullify unfair laws by declaring guilty defendants not guilty. Race based nullification is where a jury acquits and individual based on their race. This is commonly found in homogenous juries where there is little jury diversity. Past cases such as runaway slave laws and current cases such as police shootings show that race-based nullification is still an issue in modern courtrooms. The conclusion being that jury nullification is an important power necessary for the checks and balances of the judicial system Jury nullification is a right enjoyed, but not understood, by all jurors in the US. This right gives jurors the ability to interpret laws for themselves and return not-guilty verdicts for guilty defendants allowing them to nullify laws. (Emal, 1995) The most common admonishment by judges is that jurors must decide the case based on facts, and that they are not in fact interpreting the fairness of laws. The fear is that if jurors knew or understood this power, it could undermine the authority of the US judicial system. Allowing juries to interpret laws is in fact a right given as a foil against a too powerful central government. Historically there is a tremendous precedent for jury nullification much of it involving race. In the North pre-civil war era juries commonly refused to convict runaway slaves because they felt that the law was unfair. This was an example of jury nullification, where the jury was aware that the defendant was guilty, but refused to return a guilty verdict, in effect nullifying the law. (Emal, 1995) More recently in the 1930’s many courts refused conviction for minor alcohol infractions because they felt the law was unfair. Another example of this trend were the civil rights trials of white supremacists in the south in the 50’s and 60’s; in these cases all white juries would refuse to convict white defendants of the murder of black  people or civil rights workers. (Emal, 1995) These cases clearly show that there have been many examples of jury nullification in the past in our country. Since a return of a not guilty verdict allows the jury to effectively end prosecution with no appeal allowed by the state it means that juries actually have final say about when and if a law is utilized. This allows juries the power to actually use their conscience when voting to convict or release a defendant. One possible outcome of jury nullification is the possibility of a major increase in hung juries. Race has figured in many instances of jury nullification so there is a clear precedent for race based jury nullification. (Emal, 1995) Recently all white juries have refused to convict white police officers in wrongful shooting trials where the victim was black. Also black juries have refused to convict clearly guilty defendants of crimes on the grounds that there are too many black people in prison already. (Butler, 1995) Another possible reason for jury nullification is to punish prosecutors and police for tactics, which the jurors find unpalatable. Many people recently felt that the O.J. Simpson trial was race based jury nullification; similarly the Rodney King trial would be an example. In both of these cases many people felt that the individual was guilty but that they were released because of their race. Some states have proposed that juries should have racial quotas in order to avoid possible race based nullification. In this system jurors who should be excused could be kept even if they were unsatisfactory if they fit some particular racial need. These attempts to eliminate jury nullification point to the seriousness with which this power is viewed. Some black lawmakers have said that since a jury is representative of a community then jurors should have the right to decide which people they will allow to live among them. (Butler, 1995) This basically means that jurors exercise their power based on conscience and not based on the facts of the case. This means that black juries would acquit non-violent black defendants even in cases where they were clearly guilty to nullify the effects of a predominantly white judicial system. The belief here is that the laws are  inherently unfair because they were created by and for white people. (Butler, 1995) Clearly there is a place for jury nullification in the US. There has been a long history of unfair laws and practices in the country and allowing the jury the power to overturn or nullify them is a good way to keep the government in check. (Jones, 2004) The real question is more about race-based nullification. Should race be a factor when juries consider nullification as an option? The answer to this is complicated if a jury really feels that a defendant was targeted unfairly based on race shouldn’t they have some power to affect the trial. (Butler, 1995) Also without a complete revamping of the legal system (scary thought) how would one go about fixing the problem? Can nullification be eliminated with our current system? The idea is to really re-examine the selection process. With nullification as a real possibility then prosecutors can act to eliminate it by paying more attention to homogeneity during the selection process. Any prosecutor who allows a homogenous jury runs a real risk of losing the case based on nullification. Also race based jury nullification has been a useful tool in the past. (Jones, 2004) If not for northern juries how many runaway slaves would have been returned to torture and beatings in the south. In this case we had a manifestly unfair law which juries exercised a legitimate nullification against. Overall race based jury nullification is a scary prospect when taken to the extreme but it is a prospect that bears some consideration. Since it has been used righteously in the past it is a hard decision to contemplate getting rid of it. If there was no jury nullification of any kind then the country would have missed out on juries taking a stand against poorly thought out laws. The answer is that jury nullification has played a dual roll in our history. At times it is a useful tool as in the cases involving slavery or differential prosecution, at times allowing racists to go free. So having weighed the merits of the situation it is best left as is currently. There is a real risk for overuse if everyone were aware of the  power but in its absence the government would exercise too much power unbalanced by the power of the people. The conclusion would have to be that there is too much risk in eliminating jury nullification as a whole. Race based nullification is probably not necessary and would be nice to eliminate but there is no effective way to combat this. One possibility mentioned earlier is for prosecutors to consider nullification during the selection process to help combat this problem. References Butler, Paul. (1998). Racially Based Jury Nullification: Black Power in the Criminal Justice System. Yale Law Review, 105, 677-725. Emal, Russ. (1995). Jury Nullification: Why You Should Know What It Is. Retrieved on 11/21/04 from http://www.greenmac.com/eagle/ISSUES/ISSUE23- /07JuryNullification.html Jones Iloilo Marguerità ©. (2004). American Juror. Retrieved on 11/21/04 from http://www.fffija.org

Economics Oligopoly

Main economic features of an Oligopoly and key economic theories of price fixing. This part of the coursework aims to identify and explain the main economic features of an Oligopoly and also the key economic theories which influence the price of a product or service. This part deals with the theoretical aspects of Oligopoly and the later part emphasizes on the practical applications of the theories and oligopoly features.According to Pass et al (2000), â€Å"Oligopoly, a type of market structure is characterised by a few firms and many buyers, where the bulk of market supply is in the control of relatively few large firms who in turn sell to many small buyers†. To describe the degree of oligopoly, concentration ratio is often utilized. Concentration ratio is the measure of the market share of the largest four firms in the industry expressed as a percentage. A low concentration ratio suggests a high level of competition and vice versa for.As there are few players dominating the industry, each player or an oligopolist is said or likely to be aware of others course of actions. The decision taken by one player seems to affect the decision taken by others and strategic planning by the firms needs to take into account the likely response of other participants (Wikipedia, 2010). For example, a proper game of chess depends on how well you read your opponent’s moves, similarly in oligopoly; strategies are devised based on the moves of competing market firms.The reason for existence oligopoly as stated by Maunder et al (1991) is for the achievement of economies of scale. Firms tend to reduce their average cost of production by increasing their scale of operation and since the small firms have higher average costs, they tend to go out of business or be absorbed by the larger ones. The features of oligopoly are:- a. Number of Firms:-The very important feature of an oligopoly is the number of firms. Even though there are a large number of firms operating in a particular industry, only a handful of firms hold the major share between them. . Interdependence: – A very distinctive feature of an oligopoly is interdependence. When a very few large firms operate in a particular industry, their activities or strategy cannot be independent of each other. Unlike monopoly, where the monopolist need not worry about the reaction of its rivals as there are none, an oligopolist takes into consideration the possible reactions of all rival firms. For example, a company considering a price reduction of its products may wish to estimate the chances of price reduction by the rival company and hence starting a price war. . Profit Maximization Condition: – The firms in an oligopoly generally agree to co-operate and act as one monopolist as it generates high profits (Begg and Ward 2007). This kind of formal collusive agreement is called a cartel. An oligopoly maximises profits where the marginal revenue equals the marginal cost. This is also know n as profit maximization condition. Price ELASTIC UNIT ELASTIC P MC, AC PROFIT MAXIMIZING OUTPUT O MR Quantity (Source: Begg and Ward 2007) d.Perfect Knowledge: – Oligopolists are said to have a perfect knowledge about their cost and demand functions but a lesser information about other firms (Wikipedia, 2010). e. Entry Barrier: – One of the main important features of oligopoly also is the entry barrier. There are high entry barriers that restrain a new firm from entering a market. For example, the barriers can be the economies of scale, access to expensive and complex technology, lower costs for an established firm, brand loyalty, patented production process and strategic action by incumbent firms etc.The table below gives the market concentration in different industries. As discussed earlier, the large few firms form a cartel and set a price. Once the members of the cartel agree on the price, they compete against each other using non price competition in order to gai n the maximum revenue. There are other various ways in which the firms fix the price. One of them being tacit collusion, where the firms agree on a price set by an established leader. This is also known as dominant firm price leadership as the price setting firm is the dominant firm in the industry.The other way is the barometric firm price leadership, where the price leader is the one whose prices reflect the market conditions in the most stable form (Sloman et al, 2010). To fix prices, the producers must be able to control the market supply. The other forms of price fixing in tacit collusion is average cost pricing, where producers add a certain percentage of profit on top of average costs and price benchmarking, where firms raise the price only up to a benchmark already set.Price fixing is achieved by the competing firms coming together on a platform where they can agree on a common pricing and production strategy thus acting in a manner in which a monopoly operates. This kind of collusion is known as cartelisation. Cartels although banned in many countries, is difficult for the enforcement agencies to gather evidence and penalise the participants. The quantity for the cartel and the individual firm will not be the same as one firm individually will have the scope for further increase in productivity to achieve a situation where the marginal cost equals the marginal revenue.In such cases firms may decide to go ahead with excess supply which can lead to a price war and inconsistent revenues to the industry. Even without overt collusion firms in an oligopoly are able to reach a point of profit maximisation when they behave in a manner reflected in â€Å"Nash Equilibrium† (Begg and Ward 2007). 2B) Direct to Home (DTH) television industry in India acting as an oligopoly. India has a total television population of about 135 million of which about 108 million have an access to cable and satellite television (Plugged in, 2010).The total DTH sub base at the end of first quarter in the year 2010 was 23 million (Dish TV India Ltd, 2010) which was about just 1 million in the year 2006. Indian DTH industry has seen a flurry of activities in the recent years after a monopolistic reign by Dish TV for a couple of years. It is currently in a state of Oligopoly with the top four operators controlling nearly 80% of the total market. The major players in the market are Dish TV by Zee group, TataSky- a joint venture by Tata and Star TV, Big TV by Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group, Digital TV by Bharati Telemedia and SUN Direct from Sun TV.Since there are only 3 major players in the DTH market, Indian DTH industry is an oligopoly. (Indiadth, 2010) The product offering by the rival firms are more or less similar in nature with little or no product differentiation. Amongst all the players, Sun Direct has essentially remained a regional operator who made a late debut in the national scene. The content or the channels are same with all the operators barring few omissions and additions. The DTH industry market share is as follows. BRAND| MARKET SHARE| Dish TV| 30%|TataSky| 22%| Sun Direct| 25%| Big Tv| 13%| Airtel| 8%| D2H| 2%| (Source: http://www. pluggd. in/dth-industry-in-india-analysis-297/) From the data above we can see that Dish TV, TataSky and Sun Direct together hold the maximum market share with over 75%. (Source: http://www. slideshare. net/) To confirm the oligopoly, we can use the Herfindahl-Hirschman index or the HHI. It measures the size of the firms in relation to the industry and also indicates the amount of competition between them. Mathematically, (Adapted from Pass et al, 2000)Here Si = market share of firm i in the market and N is the number of firms. Hence H = 302 + 222 + 252 + 132 + 82 + 22 H = 2246. With this value of H we can conclude that this industry is an oligopoly. Although there is no indication of an overt collusion in the industry, a closer look at their price plan (fig 1. 1) can lead us to a strategic o r tacit understanding between the players. The market is abuzz with marketing drives to garner market share and the customer is currently loaded with freebies like free installation, free channels and the like.Going by the level of investment and infrastructure the operators need to garner as much subscriber base as possible to be in a profitable proposition. They are however aware of the competition and are refraining from a price war. Such behaviour of the operators is characteristic of a non-price competition in Oligopoly. This is due to the interdependency of firms in the oligopoly and the strategic behaviour can also be referred to the â€Å"Nash Equilibrium† (Begg and Ward 2007). (Source: Slideshare. net/researchonIndia) Brand Name| PricePlan(inINR)/month| Dish TV| 135. 0| TataSky| 150. 00| Sun Direct| 115. 00| Videocon| 136. 00| Fig: 1. 1 (Source: Company websites, 2010) Now as in any oligopoly, it has to be supported by entry barriers, both endogenous and exogenous. T he natural barrier of entry in this particular industry is primarily associated with government licensing and also the intensity of capital investment required. Given that all the DTH operators are already established players in related sectors such as telecom, media it gives them a strategic advantage in terms of distribution and content.For any new entrant it could pose as a strategic entry barrier. Indian DTH market has constantly been attracting different players over the years given the increasing number of television subscribers. Although there have been entry barriers, companies like Videocon along with its cutting edge technology entered into the market in the presence of established players. The cutting edge technology proved to be a barrier breaker. Videocon managed to build television sets with set top boxes which helped it develop its own customer base.References Begg, D. , and Ward, D. (2007). Economics for Business, 2nd edition. Berkshire: McGraw Hill Publication. Chri stopher Pass, Bryan Lowes and Leslie Davies (2000). Economics, 3rd edition. HarperCollins Publishers. DTH, (2010). http://www. pluggd. in/dth-industry-in-india-analysis-297/ [Accessed 21/11/2010] Dish TV, (2010). http://www. dishtv. in/packages. aspx [Accessed 21/11/2010] Indiadth, (2010). http://www. indiadth. in/ [Accessed 22/11/2010] Maunder, P. , Myers, D. , Wall, N. , and Miller, R. L. 1991) Economics Explained, 2nd edition. Collins Educational. Sloman, J. , and Hinde, K. (2007). Economics for business, 4th edition. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Sun Direct, (2010). http://www. sundirect. com/packages. php [Accessed 22/11/2010] Tata Sky, (2010). http://www. tatasky. com/channel-packages. html [Accessed 22/11/2010] Videocon, (2010). http://www. videocond2h. com/wsc/packages. html [Accessed 22/11/2010] Wikipedia, (2010). Oligopoly. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Oligopoly [Accessed 21/11/2010)]

death essays

death essays Death is a fact of life and everyone has to deal with it. There is no way around death but there are ways to die happy. In the essay "Death with Dignity," the author, Dr. Kubler-Ross interveiwed many people that were dying. Eighty percent of the people interviewed wanted to die at home so they could die with dignity. Before you die in a hospital, you go through many types of loss. Loss of home, loved ones and hope are just a few of the losses you go through in Norma Richman's poem uses personification when she talks about the knotty pine face of each room in her father's home. Personification is also used when she describes the hospital white faces and sterile surroundings. Norma had a loss of family when her father died. Norma had no idea how to express the loss of hope for her father except to bang her head against the wall and write a poem for her father. In her poem, she is trying to explain that he had a loss of home and the familiar surroundings. In Dr.Kubler-Ross' essay, many bright people that had great potential lost all hope because they were dying. He said that "as long as the person is alive, he needs hope." One woman with liver disease was told by her doctor that "there is nothing else I can do for you." Statements such as this do not give people any hope. Families give up hope by putting a dying person in the hospital-even if they don't want to be there. A dying woman was sitting on her bed smiling. When asked what she was smiling about she said "Don't you see these beautiful flowers that my husband surrounded me with?" Her husband had stopped visiting her and there were no flowers. She had a loss of a loved one. By placing this woman in the hospital, she had lost all of In both the poem and the essay, loss of home, hope and family were clearly ...

The Great Compromise of 1787

The Great Compromise of 1787 The Great Compromise of 1787, also known as the Sherman Compromise, was an agreement reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 between delegates of the states with large and small populations that defined the structure of Congress and the number of representatives each state would have in Congress according to the United States Constitution. Under the agreement proposed by Connecticut delegate Roger Sherman, Congress would be a â€Å"bicameral† or two-chambered body, with each state getting a number of representatives in the lower chamber (the House) proportional to its population and two representatives in the upper chamber (the Senate). Key Takeaways: Great Compromise The Great Compromise of 1787 defined the structure of the U.S. Congress and the number of representatives each state would have in Congress under the U.S. Constitution.The Great Compromise was brokered as an agreement between the large and small states during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 by Connecticut delegate Roger Sherman.Under the Great Compromise, each state would get two representatives in the Senate and a variable number of representatives in the House in proportion to its population according to the decennial U.S. census. Perhaps the greatest debate undertaken by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 centered on how many representatives each state should have in the new governments lawmaking branch, the U.S. Congress. As is often the case in government and politics, resolving a great debate required a great compromise- in this case, the Great Compromise of 1787. Early in the Constitutional Convention, delegates envisioned a Congress consisting of only a single chamber with a certain number of representatives from each state. Representation The burning question was, how many representatives from each state? Delegates from the larger, more populous states favored the Virginia Plan, which called for each state to have a different number of representatives based on the state’s population. Delegates from smaller states supported the New Jersey Plan, under which each state would send the same number of representatives to Congress. Delegates from the smaller states argued that, despite their lower populations, their states held equal legal status to that of the larger states, and that proportional representation would be unfair to them. Delegate Gunning Bedford, Jr. of Delaware notoriously threatened that the small states could be forced to â€Å"find some foreign ally of more honor and good faith, who will take them by the hand and do them justice.† However, Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts objected to the small states’ claim of legal sovereignty, stating that â€Å"we never were independent States, were not such now, and never could be even on the principles of the Confederation. The States and the advocates for them were intoxicated with the idea of their sovereignty.† Shermans Plan Connecticut delegate Roger Sherman is credited with proposing the alternative of a bicameral, or two-chambered Congress made up of a Senate and a House of Representatives. Each state, suggested Sherman, would send an equal number of representatives to the Senate, and one representative to the House for every 30,000 residents of the state. At the time, all the states except Pennsylvania had bicameral legislatures, so the delegates were familiar with the structure of Congress proposed by Sherman. Sherman’s plan pleased delegates from both the large and small states and became known as the Connecticut Compromise of 1787, or the Great Compromise. The structure and powers of the new U.S. Congress, as proposed by the delegates of the Constitutional Convention, were explained to the people by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison in the Federalist Papers. Apportionment and Redistricting Today, each state is represented in Congress by two Senators and a variable number of members of the House of Representatives based on the state’s population as reported in the most recent decennial census. The process of fairly determining the number of members of the House from each state is called apportionment. The first census in 1790 counted 4 million Americans. Based on that count, the total number of members elected to the House of Representatives grew from the original 65 to 106. The current House membership of 435 was set by Congress in 1911. Redistricting to Ensure Equal Representation   To ensure fair and equal representation in the House, the process of â€Å"redistricting† is used to establish or change the geographic boundaries within the states from which representatives are elected. In the 1964 case of Reynolds v. Sims, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that all of the congressional districts in each state must all have roughly the same population. Through apportionment and redistricting, high population urban areas are prevented from gaining an inequitable political advantage over less populated rural areas. For example, if New York City were not split into several congressional districts, the vote of a single New York City resident would carry more influence on the House than all of the residents in the rest of the State of New York combined.

In what circumstances have NGOs come to perform governmental functions Essay

In what circumstances have NGOs come to perform governmental functions - Essay Example NGO’s are the voice of the civil society and fuel social development. But why do we need NGO’s. Do they represent failure of government in bringing the social justice and providing necessary human and social development? Is the role and impact of NGO’s has changed in any way in the wake of globalization? This paper aims at studying the circumstances which makes the NGO’s perform nongovernmental functions. It will also discuss history and changes in the type of work done by NGO’s. The paper aims at investigating the reasons of the recent growth of NGO’s. An example of how the policy and working of NGO’s have changed in the wake of globalization and changed circumstances will also be discussed to develop a sound understanding of the situation. History and Growth of NGO’s The concept of NGO is not new and can be traced back to the late eighteenth century but the terminology of NGO is relatively recent. The first NGO in its raw form was formed by Thomas Clarkson along with some other men in 1787; when they formed a society to dissuade British companies and ship owners to involve in salve trade. The struggle continued in different forms against different form of oppression and eventually Red Cross was formed in 1855. The NGO activity has grown considerably from those early days of Clarkson. According to the statistics of the Union of International Associations, the no of active NGO’s in 2001 was around 25,000 that is 10,000 more than the figure of 1980. Besides these active NGO’s a huge number of inactive NGO’s also exist, which are capable of becoming active upon arrival of need. The number of inactive NGO’s in 2001 was astounding 18,000. The same is true for the national and local activist groups. Recently what has been observed is the mushroom growth of such organizations all over the world. Indonesia had only one organization for environment protection but now the number has cros sed over 2000. In the Philippines the number of NGO’s has increased from 18,000 to astounding 58,000 only between the period of 1989 and 1996. According to a study of Worldwatch institute the number of grass root or low level NGO’s in United States is approximately two million. The study also revealed that approximately two third of them were established in the last thirty years. NGO’s are not only growing in number but they are also improving in quality in terms of skills, specialization and sophistication. Most highly educated people holding masters and doctoral level degrees are associated with NGO’s. Typically NGO’s very successfully align their strategies with the political, economic, social and environmental trends. Their ability to communicate with media is considered the best in the private sector. NGO does also have this ability to move quickly and form global networks (Blackburn, 2007). Influence of NGO’s NGO’s are changing the way business is being done all over the globe. They are powerful, innovative and organized. They provide social and humanitarian services in cross national contexts that are somewhat politicized as well. NGO’s these days have a strong influence over business.

Medicalization of Deviance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medicalization of Deviance - Essay Example One of the main reasons there has been a much stronger focus on medicalizing deviance is because the offenders who are in this category need a specific type of help to refrain them from continuing to break the law and behaving outside of what is considered to be the social norm. Without medical intervention their behavior is uncontrollable and will continue to escalate unless they are placed on medication to control their specific cognitive problems. So, based on this assumption, when the terminology of medicalization is placed with deviance or deviant behavior it is understood that what is actually being implied is that those of deviant character need specialized medical treatment such as certain neuro-chemical stabilizers to control their behaviors. Sociologists claim that by defining deviance in this way it will allow for an ability to be able to maintain order far better in societies than simply following a traditional pattern of law and placing all of those of a disorderly character in a certain legal framework without proper labeling of the adversity being given. Furthermore, when certain criminal activities are taken out of the main legal framework and analyzed it will be perceivable that for some there are medical reasons for their behavior while for others they simply are prone to violent actions and engage in crime because they want too and for no other reason. For other's it is quite the opposite, which is why there is a strong point for labeling some offenders under medical deviance. Conrad (1992, pg. 210) points out that it was in the mid 1970's when the concept of medicalization and activities of a deviant background were first were introduced, although there was not much headway in labeling offenders into this grou p at that time. However, now in present times the terminology has become quite common and even more pronounced, gaining precedence in claiming that many crimes have a medical reason and therefore claiming medicalizing many deviant behaviors is not only arbitrarily conceivable, but it is quite logical to do. In Conrad's article (1992) there is an emphasis on the fact that medicine can control deviant actions and many characteristics of it, which has been hinted at in this research. By applying the proper treatment regimen to those offenders who are engaging in deviant acts, the chemicals that are not reacting correctly in the brain can be adjusted by various pharmaceutical prescriptions. By counseling and regulating the medications, psychologists can monitor these previous offenders and almost guarantee that their actions won't be repeated as long as they stay on the treatment prescribed to them. The definition of medicalization in itself shows, "it is a process where more and more of everyday life has come under medical dominion, influence, and supervision" (Conrad 1992, pg.210). Of course, as this research is showing even legal problems in society are now beginning to be associated with medicine and it's treatments to maintain control. To extend this reasoning further, many psychiatrists, sociologists, and psychologists believe that a person who is committing deviant

Interpersonal communication report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Interpersonal communication report - Essay Example Films require good skills in order to have possibility to deconstruct them, to read their signs, colors and to understand their communication. Understanding of communication is necessary for perceiving the very nature of story line and sense of messages. It is necessary to think independently and thoroughly about film messages and communication. Film communication is able to assist ability of the audience to realize whether information is valid or invalid. Developing film literacy is necessary for people to analyze critically commercials, different television programs and film productions. (DeVito 1995) Communication in films can tell the audience about new ideas and concepts if human behavior and life. For example, in the film "Gone with the wind" Scarlet has strong appeal to women wit her well-known statement "I'll think about it tomorrow". This phrase has become the first commandment for many people in their everyday life. Therefore it is necessary to state that film communication has very strong effect on the audience. This effect can be either positive or negative. Everything depends on the communication skills of heroes and different perception of people. Effective communication skills play the most important role in the film. It is necessary to admit "You've got mail". ... t, gentle and rather unconfident person, because her voice is mostly low, she doesn't use brutal words and words with negative meaning, her statements are affirmative: "Everything will be alright. Our clients will stay with use". Among her communication skills it is necessary to admit the presence of nonverbal communication involving tender smile and gestures. Both main heroes had previous relationships with other man-woman and they didn't express their true and core feelings. They didn't have necessary communication skills and trust in their partners and couldn't make positive changes in those relations. Their communication failed and they turned out to be unable to improve it. (DeVito 1995) It is necessary to define the most effective communication skills in the films and try to define why these skills have been applied in the film. By the example of "You've got mail" it is needed to present what skills are important and what their main purpose is. Communication provides new relationships and friendship, good and warm attitude of friends and relatives. There is no doubt that close relations are created not by mutual influence or efficiency, but by communication skills of each hero. The most important aspects of effective communication is attentive listening, explaining of key points, asking questions, nonverbal communication and actually communication ethics. The combination of all these aspects is the bet for successful communication process, because as it was told by famous writer "communication is the greatest luxury given to people". (DeVito 1995) The main heroes of the film face communication everywhere in the streets, at home, at work, etc. and their communication style completely depends on the current situation: at work their communication was more reserved

Features of the Flatiron Building

Features of the Flatiron Building Synopsis: This is a 5 page term paper written in MLA format explaining why any designer in the modern era should be interested in the Flatiron Building, constructed in 1902 in New York. The paper gives a description of the most captivating architectural features of Flatiron building that make it unique and admirable. The paper relies on 2 sources. The Flatiron Building Eric Nash clearly describes the Flatiron building located in New York City. Its construction was completed in 1902 and it is one of the most popular and best known skyscrapers in the world that derives its name from its iron like shape. It is an energetic combination of renaissance and gothic architectural styles. It is made up of spacious, well designed twenty-two stories which are divided into three parts, namely, the beginning, the middle and the end, just like a classical Greek column. The Flatirons striking shape and its exceptional height stretch its classical garb uneasily.1 Picture showing the beginning, the middle and the top of the Flatiron 1 Eric Nash, Manhattan Skyscrapers. (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999) 121. Eric Nash clearly shows that the building was constructed using structural steel frame with extensive wind bracing purposely made to resist sideways pressure from the wind. This reflects recent acceptance of the all-steel skeleton for skyscrapers in New York. The skeleton steel framing of Flatiron building is light and less susceptible to fire damages as compared to iron, hence making the building stronger and more durable. Use of steel skeleton in construction of Flatiron made it possible for the building to be elevated higher up to twenty two storeys as opposed to load bearing walls that previously restricted the height supportable by their loads. The building was constructed on a rectangular wedge piece of land giving it its classic captivating appearance from the ground to the sky. He further argues that unlike New Yorks early skyscrapers taking the form of towers that were constructed rising from a lower blockier weight like the contemporary Singer Building, the Flatiron buildin g has limestone and glazed terra cotta faÇade which is divided into a triangular base, shaft and capital.2. Eric Nash observed that Flatirons ornate but restrained facade was made using terra-cotta panels and stone creating forms that simulate any effects of rustication, making it long lasting. Rusticated limestone is uniformly detailed from the ground of the Flatiron building to the sky to ensure that there are slim chances of Flatirons destruction by environmental conditions. The Flatirons masonry insulation, its outer skin of stone and glazed terra-cotta protects it from any harsh weather conditions which could otherwise destroy the building. Besides this, the Flatirons rustication and heavily prornamented patterns of these walls, as well as the conservatively sized windows, give the faÇades a heavy appearance, this is attractive to the eyes 3 2 Nash 123 3 Nash 125 Picture showing Flatirons outer skin Andrew Dolkart observed that the multistory oriels in the midsection, which are prominent in many of Burnhams Chicago buildings, are just barely perceptible on the busy, more enclosed skin of the Flatiron. This greater visual weigh of the repartition of the overall design into a distinct base, a repetitive midsection, and a crowning cornice extended to 22 stories, makes the whole Flatiron appear column-like, distinguishing the building from the rest. He further observed that the long, thin triangular footprint of the Flatiron extrudes up through all its twenty two stories. With all three faà §ades facing the streets, this tall, thin building was designed to always have very well-lit office spaces. At the vertex of the Flatiron building, the triangular tower, which is only 6.5 feet (2 meters) wide and a height of eighty seven Meters is seen to describe an acute angle that is roughly estimated to be 25 degrees when viewed from birds eye view. The acute angled corners bring out a drama tic, exaggerated perspective which is unique and highly admirable. 44Andrew Dolkart. Architecture Development of New York City and the Birth of Skyscraper. (Columbia: Columbia University 2009). 11 Eric Nash further observed that the most acute angle of the Flatiron points north, making the building to appear like it has a little depth like a wall leaned precariously against the sky, distinguishing it from any other building in the neighborhood. The interior of the Flatiron has strangely shaped spacious offices with their walls cutting through an angle on their way to skyscrapers famous point. This gives the building quite a beautiful and attractive look. The gravity-defying illusion of the building is further enhanced by the enormous cornice projecting aggressively from the top of the building, giving the whole affair a top-heavy appearance. The elements of Flatirons design fit in comfortably with the general development of the firm in which the building was constructed.5 According to Andrew, The unconventional triangular lot coupled with exceptional height transformed architectural conventions of Flatiron into a beautiful unique structure. The building materials used for Flatiron were cost effective, efficient and made it possible for it to be quickly erected. Flatiron was indeed a perfect architectural solution to Americas growing downtowns in the 20th century. It consists of 13,400 square meters of office space and definitely one of the Stockholms new landmarks. The striking visual presence of this uncommon vertical mass is what makes the building instantly famous both with tourists and those in the arts grappling with the nature of New Yorks modernity.6 5 Nash 136. 6 Dolkart 13. Conclusion This paper started by describing the shape and location of the Flatiron building constructed in 1902 in New York. It further discussed in detail the design and architectural features of the building that make it very unique despite the fact that it was constructed over 100 years ago. Its characteristic structural division into three parts, the beginning, the middle and the end gives it a unique appealing appearance. Its unique triangular shape design and the wedge shaped piece of land where the building was erected give it an excellent view hence it is easily distinguished from all other buildings in the neighborhood. The buildings small width of only two meters and exceptional height of eighty seven meters housing twenty two storey distinguishes it from ancient heavy wide buildings. While putting more emphasis on the uniqueness and durability of the materials in construction of Flatiron building used such as the revolutionary steel frame which is less susceptible to fire unlike iron , the limestone covering originating from the ground to the sky to protect the building from harsh weather conditions, and the white terra cotta skin in the Italian Renaissance style which gives the building a highly admirable dramatic perspective. From the findings of this paper, it is evidently clear that the Flatiron building is quite a unique building in both the structure and the design and therefore any architect or designer would be interested in its structure and design. Works Cited Nash, Eric. Manhattan Skyscrapers. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999. Dolkart, Andrew. Architecture Development of New York City and the Birth of Skyscraper. Columbia: Columbia University 2009. Sites https://hermis.alberta.ca/ARHP/Details.aspx?DeptID=1ObjectID=4665-0499 http://www.nyc-architecture.com/GRP/GRP024.htm

Behaviorism: Walden Two by B.F. Skinner Essay -- Psychology

Behaviorism: Walden Two by B.F. Skinner Castle closed the book deliberately and set it aside. He had purposefully waited half a decade to read Walden Two after its initial publication, because, years after parting from Frazier and his despotic utopia, he could not shake the perturbation the community inspired. But, eight years later, he had grown even more frustrated with himself at his apparent inability to look at the situation calmly. In a fit of willfulness, he had pulled the unopened volume from its top shelf, and now he was hoping that that had been a good idea. His daily temperament, to say the least, had suffered from his continual aggravation. Something had to be done about this. As an experiment, he guessed, Walden Two was a success. He himself had seen the happy community and clearly remembered the horrid time he had had debunking it. It was certainly harder to criticize Walden Two than it was to debunk democracy and the outside society; Frazier had made sure to drive that point home. The inhabitants were clearly at peace, and he was struck by the story Burris told of the woman who sat in a chair, enjoying her rest and carefully not looking at her own garden. He hadn’t known that Burris’s doubts were so strong that he had to make his own observations. Castle’s mostly academic mind approved heartily. He supposed the woman was happy. She was obviously too old to be a second-generation Walden Two inmate, and so had not been subtly forced to be unselfish and content. She willingly subscribed to the Code and accepted the rules that told her not to gossip, to refrain from gratitude, and not to admire her own flowers. She led a placid, comfortable life and he supposed that most elderly people, havin... ...ything was automatically on the same level of constant happiness. Walden Two was memorable as a community, not for its individuals. Its people were a mass of subjects, and Frazier did not admit that there were people who could not be made to conform. Schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s were medical problems that could not be ignored and they threw the idea of â€Å"nurture, not nature† on which Frazier’s concepts rested, entirely off-balance. Behaviorism could not control every single aspect of life; that would be like trying to teach someone with no right arm to knit using his hands. And Castle knew that if he could resent being treated as part of a unit instead of a unique individual, millions of others would, too. Feeling a savage flood of perhaps incomplete triumph, Castle practically threw the book back onto its shelf. He, for one, refused to give in to Frazier. Behaviorism: Walden Two by B.F. Skinner Essay -- Psychology Behaviorism: Walden Two by B.F. Skinner Castle closed the book deliberately and set it aside. He had purposefully waited half a decade to read Walden Two after its initial publication, because, years after parting from Frazier and his despotic utopia, he could not shake the perturbation the community inspired. But, eight years later, he had grown even more frustrated with himself at his apparent inability to look at the situation calmly. In a fit of willfulness, he had pulled the unopened volume from its top shelf, and now he was hoping that that had been a good idea. His daily temperament, to say the least, had suffered from his continual aggravation. Something had to be done about this. As an experiment, he guessed, Walden Two was a success. He himself had seen the happy community and clearly remembered the horrid time he had had debunking it. It was certainly harder to criticize Walden Two than it was to debunk democracy and the outside society; Frazier had made sure to drive that point home. The inhabitants were clearly at peace, and he was struck by the story Burris told of the woman who sat in a chair, enjoying her rest and carefully not looking at her own garden. He hadn’t known that Burris’s doubts were so strong that he had to make his own observations. Castle’s mostly academic mind approved heartily. He supposed the woman was happy. She was obviously too old to be a second-generation Walden Two inmate, and so had not been subtly forced to be unselfish and content. She willingly subscribed to the Code and accepted the rules that told her not to gossip, to refrain from gratitude, and not to admire her own flowers. She led a placid, comfortable life and he supposed that most elderly people, havin... ...ything was automatically on the same level of constant happiness. Walden Two was memorable as a community, not for its individuals. Its people were a mass of subjects, and Frazier did not admit that there were people who could not be made to conform. Schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s were medical problems that could not be ignored and they threw the idea of â€Å"nurture, not nature† on which Frazier’s concepts rested, entirely off-balance. Behaviorism could not control every single aspect of life; that would be like trying to teach someone with no right arm to knit using his hands. And Castle knew that if he could resent being treated as part of a unit instead of a unique individual, millions of others would, too. Feeling a savage flood of perhaps incomplete triumph, Castle practically threw the book back onto its shelf. He, for one, refused to give in to Frazier.